Mechanical Engineering | 3D Scanning | 3D Modelling
Tag: reverse-engineering
Hamilton By Design provides reverse engineering services for mechanical components, machinery and industrial equipment where original drawings or reliable CAD models are unavailable.
We use 3D laser scanning, metrology-grade scanning and conventional measurement techniques to capture the geometry of existing components and assemblies. The captured data can then be converted into practical 3D CAD models, manufacturing information and technical drawings.
Our reverse engineering services can support worn or obsolete component replacement, equipment modifications, spare-parts development, dimensional verification and the reproduction of legacy parts. Deliverables may include point clouds, polygon meshes, SolidWorks models, STEP or Parasolid files, DXF profiles and fabrication drawings.
Combining mechanical engineering, fitting and machining experience with modern 3D scanning allows us to consider how a component functions, interfaces and may be manufacturedโnot just its external shape.
Services are available throughout Sydney, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley, regional NSW and across Australia.
Engineering-grade LiDAR & laser scanning in Penrith, Western Sydney โ capture it once, design it right.
When youโre upgrading a plant, refurbishing a building, or tying new steel into an existing structure, you donโt want โclose enoughโ. You want site truth โ fast. Hamilton By Design delivers 3D laser scanning (LiDAR) and point clouds in Penrith and Western Sydney, so your engineers, designers, and fabricators can work from accurate as-built data and reduce rework.
Penrith is in the middle of major growth and infrastructure change across Western Sydney, which makes reliable existing-condition data even more valuable for upgrades and brownfields work.
What โ3D scanningโ means for your project
A 3D scanner captures millions of points per second to create a high-density point cloud of your site. That point cloud becomes the backbone of the job:
Faster measuring and fewer return site visits
Better clash detection and tie-in confidence
Cleaner fabrication drawings and install fit-up
Reduced variations caused by missing or outdated as-built information
If the initial scan quality is poor, everything downstream gets harder โ modelling, detailing, QA checks, and construction coordination all suffer.
3D scanning services in Penrith
We support projects across Penrith, St Marys, Kingswood, Werrington, Emu Plains, Glenmore Park and surrounding industrial/commercial areas.
Typical use cases
Structural steel tie-ins & refurbishments (accurate interface points)
Capture (multiple scan positions for full coverage)
Registration & QA (clean, aligned dataset)
Delivery (point cloud + agreed outputs, with notes on any occlusions)
For live environments we can plan around operations, access restrictions, and foot traffic to protect equipment and improve capture outcomes.
Why Hamilton By Design for Penrith scanning
Weโre an engineering-led team. That matters because scanning isnโt just โcollecting dataโ โ itโs collecting the right data to make design and fabrication easier.
Youโll get:
Practical capture strategies that target tie-ins and risk areas
Clear communication on whatโs captured (and what canโt be seen)
Outputs designed to reduce RFIs, assumptions, and rework
Penrithโs ongoing development and precinct planning means brownfields interfaces are common โ and accurate as-builts help projects stay predictable.
Get a quote for 3D scanning in Penrith
If you want a fast, accurate capture and a dataset your team can trust:
Call / Email: (add your preferred contact details) Service area: Penrith + Western Sydney Turnaround: dependent on site size and deliverables
What to include in your enquiry
Site address + access constraints
What youโre building / modifying
Priority areas (tie-ins, steel interfaces, plant items)
Required deliverables and required accuracy (if specified)
FAQ
How accurate is a 3D scan?
Accuracy depends on scanner type, site conditions, scan geometry, and required control. For most engineering upgrades, the goal is fit-for-purpose accuracy around tie-in areas, not just a pretty model.
Can you scan operating sites?
Yes โ we plan around operations, safe access, and line-of-sight limitations.
Do you do scan-to-model?
Yes. We can deliver point clouds only, or provide scan-to-model packages depending on your scope and downstream needs.
Fly-In Data Capture โ Australian Analysis โ Capacity Outcomes
Engineer-Led. Practical. Here to Support You.
Hamilton By Design Co. is an engineer-led team that wants to support you. We connect Papua New Guinea mine sites with experienced Australian engineers and designersโflying in to collect your engineering data, then analysing it in Australia to develop upgrades that help you extract the most from your opportunity.
Donโt feel isolated because of your remotenessโweโre here to help. Our role is to stand beside your site teams, capture what really exists, and convert that into practical actions that increase capacity, reliability, and safety.
We adapt our systems to fit yours. Whatever platforms, standards, and workflows your operation already uses, we structure our deliverables to integrate seamlessly with your established processes.
To Mine Management โ This Is About Value
You are responsible for getting maximum performance from existing assets while controlling risk and downtime. Hamilton By Design works directly with management to:
Identify constraints limiting throughput
Reduce uncertainty before capital decisions
Turn real conditions into structured engineering plans
Deliver upgrades that increase production, not just paperwork
Our focus is outcomes: Accurate site capture โ Australian engineering analysis โ measurable capacity improvement.
How We Support Your Operation
1. Fly-In Engineering Data Collection
We mobilise to your PNG site to:
Capture accurate engineering information across plants, structures, conveyors, tanks, and services
Verify tie-ins, access constraints, and maintenance issues
Validate legacy drawings against reality
Engage with operators to understand bottlenecks and operating challenges
2. Australian Engineering & Design
Back in Australia our team will:
Structure the site data into design-ready formats that suit your systems
Analyse structural and mechanical limits
Develop options to increase process capacity
Produce constructable drawings and work packs for shutdown execution
Coordinate with your project teams, fabricators, and contractors
3. Capacity & Reliability Outcomes
Everything is aimed at real improvement:
Debottlenecking of chutes and conveyors
Structural upgrades for higher loads
Safer access and maintenance routes
Brownfields tie-ins with minimal downtime
Reduced rework through accurate as-builts
Practical staging to suit your shutdown strategy
PNG Mines We Can Support
Hamilton By Design can service major operations including:
Porgera Gold Mine โ restart and upgrade documentation
Ok Tedi โ remote infrastructure and processing areas
Hidden Valley โ mountainous brownfields upgrades
Simberi โ ROM and conveyor systems
Kainantu โ surface/underground interface zones
Why Work With Us
Engineer-led team focused on supporting you
We come to siteโno desk assumptions
Australian engineers with mining exposure
Deliverables aimed at throughput and reliability
Understanding of PNG logistics and shutdown pressures
Independent, practical, constructable solutions
Flexible approach that adapts to your existing systems
Typical Deliverables
Registered site data and as-built information
General arrangement and interface drawings
Capacity upgrade concepts
Brownfields modification packages
Photo-annotated engineering reports
Shutdown execution and staging plans
Remote Site? Youโre Not Alone.
No matter how remote your operation, you donโt have to tackle engineering challenges on your own. Hamilton By Design can be on the ground capturing your plant conditions and in Australia turning that data into actions that increase production.
Letโs Talk About Your Opportunity
If you are responsible for getting more from your mine, we can help you:
Why 3D Scan Your White Van Before a Tradie Fit-Out?
Customising your van is no different to customising your toolbox.
You wouldnโt buy a toolbox full of drawers and shelves that donโt suit your tools โ so why accept a van fit-out that doesnโt suit the way you work?
If youโre paying good money for a van fit-out, 3D scanning your van first ensures you actually get what you want, not a generic solution.
Your Van Is Your Toolbox
For most tradies, the van is:
a mobile workshop
a storage system
an office
and a productivity tool
Every trade works differently, and every van gets used differently.
A 3D scan captures the exact internal geometry of your van, so the fit-out is designed around your vehicle, not assumptions.
Why Guessing Costs You Money
Traditional van fit-outs often rely on:
standard templates
rough measurements
generic layouts
That can lead to:
wasted space
awkward access
tools that donโt fit properly
shelves and drawers you donโt actually use
Once itโs built, changing it is expensive.
3D scanning removes the guesswork before anything is built.
What 3D Scanning Does for a Van Fit-Out
A 3D scan creates an accurate digital model of your van interior.
This allows the design team to:
optimise every millimetre of space
design shelving, drawers, racks, and storage to fit properly
check clearances before anything is installed
tailor the layout to how you work day-to-day
Youโre paying for a fit-out โ this ensures you get value from every dollar.
Trades That Benefit from 3D-Scanned Van Fit-Outs
We regularly assist (but are not limited to):
Plumbing vans โ pipe storage, fittings, pumps, and access
Electrical vans โ cable drums, test equipment, safe storage
Fittersโ vans โ precision tools, parts, and fast access
Boilermakersโ vans โ heavy tools, welding gear, safe load distribution
Delivery vans โ optimised load space and restraint systems
HVAC / air conditioning vans โ gas bottles, units, tools
Painters / decorators โ organised storage for finishes and equipment
Locksmiths / security installers โ fast access, clean layout
Handymen / general maintenance โ flexibility and adaptability
Camper vans โ beds, storage, kitchens, and utilities that actually fit
Different trades. Same problem. One-size-fits-all doesnโt work.
Design It Right โ Before Itโs Built
With a 3D scan, the design team can:
trial different layouts digitally
adjust storage heights and access
confirm everything fits before fabrication
Traditionally, we assist with fit-out design โ but scanning takes it further by giving everyone accurate data to work from.
This reduces:
rework
compromises
frustration
Youโre Paying for a Fit-Out โ Get What You Want
A van fit-out is an investment.
So ask yourself:
Why accept a generic layout?
Why compromise on access or storage?
Why redesign later when you can get it right first time?
Scan the van. Design it properly. Build it once.
The Bottom Line
Customising your van is just like customising your toolbox.
The better it suits you, the faster you work, the easier your days are, and the more value you get from it.
If youโre already spending money on a fit-out, 3D scanning your van is the smartest way to make sure you get exactly what you want โ not what happens to fit.
Why 3D Scan Your Vehicle? Automotive 3D Scanning Explained
At first glance, 3D scanning a vehicle might sound like something reserved for manufacturers or motorsport teams. In reality, 3D vehicle scanning is becoming increasingly common for everyday automotive projects โ from restorations and modifications to verification, documentation, and future-proofing.
So why would someone invest in 3D scanning their vehicle? The answer is simple: accuracy, confidence, and better outcomes.
Turning a Car Into Data
A vehicle 3D scan captures millions of precise measurement points across the surface of a car or its components. This data forms a highly accurate digital model โ often called a point cloud โ which can then be used for CAD design, analysis, and fabrication.
Unlike manual measurement, 3D scanning:
Captures complex curves and surfaces
Eliminates guesswork
Creates a permanent digital record
Once scanned, your vehicle becomes a measurable digital asset, not just a physical object.
1. Reverse Engineering Parts That No Longer Exist
One of the most common reasons people scan vehicles is to recreate parts that canโt be bought anymore.
This is especially relevant for:
Classic and vintage cars
Imported vehicles
Low-production or discontinued models
With a 3D scan, components such as panels, brackets, housings, or trims can be accurately recreated or improved โ without relying on worn samples or rough measurements.
2. Custom Modifications That Fit First Time
Custom automotive work only works when parts fit exactly as intended.
People scan their vehicles to design:
Body kits, guards, and aero components
Custom exhausts and mounts
Roll cages and chassis modifications
3D scanning allows designers and fabricators to work from real vehicle geometry, significantly reducing rework, delays, and trial-and-error fitting.
3. Vehicle Restoration and Heritage Preservation
For restoration projects, 3D scanning provides a way to capture the vehicle before changes begin.
Benefits include:
Preserving original geometry
Recording factory alignment and clearances
Digitally archiving rare or historically significant vehicles
This approach is particularly valuable when restoring vehicles where originality and accuracy matter.
4. Accident Damage Assessment and Verification
Not all damage is visible to the naked eye.
After an accident, 3D scanning can:
Detect subtle deformation
Compare damaged areas against original geometry
Provide objective measurement data
This is useful for repair planning, insurance discussions, and verifying whether a vehicle has returned to its intended shape.
5. Motorsport and Performance Development
In motorsport and performance tuning, precision is everything.
Vehicles are scanned to:
Analyse body shape and aerodynamics
Design lightweight performance components
Validate compliance with regulations
3D scanning shortens development cycles and allows performance improvements to be based on measured reality, not assumptions.
6. Quality Control and Build Verification
For custom builds and low-volume manufacturing, scanning provides a way to check what was built against what was designed.
This helps:
Verify panel alignment
Confirm clearances
Identify deviations early
Itโs an objective way to ensure quality and reduce risk before a vehicle is signed off or delivered.
7. Creating a Digital Twin of Your Vehicle
Some owners choose to scan their vehicle simply to create a digital twin โ a complete virtual representation of the car.
A digital twin can be used for:
Future modifications
Ongoing maintenance planning
Design work without touching the car
Once created, it becomes a long-term reference that adds value over the vehicleโs lifetime.
8. Improving Collaboration Between Trades
Vehicle projects often involve multiple parties:
Owners
Engineers
Designers
Fabricators
A 3D scan ensures everyone works from the same accurate dataset, reducing miscommunication and costly mistakes.
9. Documentation, Insurance, and Peace of Mind
A 3D scan provides:
Timestamped evidence of vehicle condition
Objective, defensible measurement data
Clear documentation for high-value assets
This can be useful for insurance, resale, or engineering certification.
10. Future-Proofing Your Vehicle
Once scanned:
The vehicle never needs to be re-measured
Data can be reused indefinitely
Modifications become easier over time
Many people scan a vehicle once, then benefit from that data for years.
The Real Reason People Scan Their Vehicles
People donโt scan their vehicles because the technology looks impressive.
They scan them because it:
Saves time
Reduces risk
Improves accuracy
Leads to better decisions
In short:
3D scanning transforms a vehicle from something you measure repeatedly into something you understand completely.
Automotive 3D Scanner Technology | Vehicle & Car Laser Scanning
The automotive industry has always pushed the limits of precision. From body panels and chassis alignment to aftermarket modifications and reverse engineering, accuracy is everything. This is where the automotive 3D scanner has moved from a niche tool to an essential part of modern automotive workflows.
Whether youโre restoring classic vehicles, developing custom components, or validating manufacturing tolerances, 3D scanning of vehicles is now the fastest and most reliable way to capture real-world geometry.
Why Automotive 3D Scanning Matters
Traditional vehicle measurement methods โ tape measures, calipers, and manual templates โ are slow, subjective, and prone to error. In contrast, vehicle 3D scanning captures millions of data points in minutes, creating a precise digital replica of a car or component.
This digital data can be used for:
Reverse engineering parts
CAD modelling and redesign
Fitment verification
Quality control
Digital archiving of rare or legacy vehicles
For automotive professionals, accuracy is no longer optional โ itโs a competitive advantage.
What Is a 3D Scanner for Automotive Applications?
A 3D scanner for automotive use is a device that captures the exact shape and dimensions of a vehicle or its components using laser or structured light technology. The result is a highly accurate point cloud or mesh that can be converted into CAD models.
Common scanner types include:
Laser-based scanners
Structured light scanners
Handheld and tripod-mounted systems
For industrial and engineering use, the car laser scanner remains the preferred option due to its accuracy, repeatability, and ability to scan reflective or complex surfaces.
Automotive Use Cases for 3D Scanning
1. 3D Scanning of Vehicle Bodies
Full 3D scanning of vehicle exteriors allows teams to:
Capture exact body geometry
Design aerodynamic add-ons
Validate panel alignment
Reproduce damaged or unavailable parts
This is particularly valuable for motorsport, restoration, and custom fabrication projects.
2. 3D Scanner for Cars in Restoration & Classic Vehicles
When original drawings no longer exist, a 3D scanner for cars becomes the only way to accurately reproduce parts.
Applications include:
Recreating discontinued components
Digitally preserving rare vehicles
Designing upgrades without altering originality
3. Automotive Laser Scanning for Manufacturing
In production and fabrication environments, laser scanner automotive systems are used to:
Verify tolerances
Compare as-built vehicles to CAD
Detect deformation or misalignment
Reduce rework and scrap
This level of insight is impossible with manual inspection alone.
Choosing the Best 3D Scanner for Automotive Work
Selecting the best 3D scanner for automotive use depends on accuracy requirements, environment, and workflow integration.
Key factors to consider:
Accuracy & resolution (sub-millimetre for engineering)
Speed of capture
Ability to scan reflective surfaces
Compatibility with CAD software
Portability for workshop or site use
For engineering-grade outcomes, tripod-mounted or hybrid systems often outperform consumer-level handheld devices.
Car Laser Scanner vs Traditional Measurement
A car laser scanner provides several advantages over conventional measurement methods:
Traditional Measurement
Automotive 3D Scanning
Manual & subjective
Objective & repeatable
Limited reference points
Millions of data points
Time-consuming
Rapid capture
Difficult to archive
Permanent digital record
This is why 3D scanning of vehicle geometry is now standard practice in high-value automotive work.
Integrating 3D Scanning Into Automotive Design
Once scanning is complete, the data feeds directly into:
CAD design
Simulation & analysis
Fitment studies
Manufacturing workflows
This scan-to-CAD process allows engineers and designers to work from reality, not assumptions.
Automotive 3D Scanning for the Future
As vehicles become more complex โ electric drivetrains, lightweight materials, tighter tolerances โ vehicle 3D scanning will continue to grow in importance.
Future applications include:
Digital twins of vehicles
Predictive maintenance modelling
AI-driven quality control
Automated inspection systems
What was once cutting-edge is now becoming standard practice.
Final Thoughts
An automotive 3D scanner is no longer just a tool for specialists โ itโs a foundational technology for modern automotive design, fabrication, and verification.
Whether youโre selecting the best 3D scanner for automotive work, implementing laser scanner automotive systems in production, or using 3D scanning of vehicle geometry for restoration and reverse engineering, the benefits are clear:
Higher accuracy
Faster workflows
Reduced risk
Better outcomes
In an industry where millimetres matter, 3D scanning of vehicles delivers confidence โ from concept to completion.
Why Graduate Engineers Quickly Become Addicted to LiDAR Scanning
Ask any graduate engineer what surprised them most in their first few years on the job and youโll often hear the same answer:
โThe drawings were wrong.โ
Not maliciously wrong. Not incompetently wrong. Justโฆ out of date, incomplete, or disconnected from what actually exists on site.
That realisation is often the moment graduate engineers discover LiDAR scanning โ and once they do, itโs very hard to go back.
Across Greater Sydney, from dense inner-city refurbishments to industrial upgrades in the west, graduate engineers are finding that 3D laser scanning becomes indispensable almost as soon as theyโve worked with it properly. Itโs not just helpful. Itโs addictive โ because it replaces uncertainty with clarity.
The graduate engineerโs first shock: reality doesnโt match the drawing
Most graduate engineers come out of university trained to think in:
idealised geometry
clean load paths
well-defined dimensions
drawings that represent truth
Then they step onto a live site in Sydney CBD, Surry Hills, Parramatta, Mascot, Alexandria, Chatswood, or North Sydney and realise something important:
Existing buildings, plant, and infrastructure are messy.
Services donโt run straight. Columns arenโt perfectly plumb. Steel has been modified, trimmed, plated, or shifted over decades. Mechanical equipment has been replaced multiple times, often without full documentation. In inner suburbs especially, space constraints mean โcreativeโ solutions become permanent.
For a graduate engineer trying to do the right thing, this mismatch creates anxiety:
Am I designing to the right information?
What happens if this doesnโt fit?
How confident should I be signing this off?
This is where LiDAR scanning changes everything.
The first scan changes how graduates think
The first time a graduate engineer works with a real point cloud, something clicks.
Instead of guessing:
they can measure directly
they can see spatial relationships
they can verify assumptions
they can design in context
Suddenly, the question shifts from โwhat does the drawing say?โ to โwhat actually exists?โ
Once that shift happens, itโs very hard to go back to traditional workflows.
Hamilton By Designโs approach to engineering-led LiDAR scanning highlights this transition clearly โ scanning isnโt just data capture, itโs digital quality assurance for engineering decisions.
For graduate engineers, this is often the first time they feel genuinely confident that their design inputs reflect reality.
Why LiDAR scanning becomes โaddictiveโ
LiDAR scanning is addictive to graduate engineers for one simple reason:
It removes doubt.
Once youโve experienced what itโs like to design from verified geometry, going back to hand measurements and assumptions feels risky โ even irresponsible.
1. Confidence replaces guesswork
Instead of hoping clearances exist, graduates can prove they exist. Instead of estimating offsets, they can measure them. This builds technical confidence very quickly.
2. Mistakes become learning, not disasters
When designs are checked against a point cloud, errors are caught early โ in the model, not on site. Graduates learn faster because mistakes are visible and correctable.
These lessons are difficult to teach from textbooks alone.
Inner Sydney makes scanning essential, not optional
In inner Sydney suburbs, LiDAR scanning is not a luxury โ itโs often the only practical way to work.
Areas like:
Sydney CBD
Ultimo
Pyrmont
Surry Hills
Redfern
Alexandria
Zetland
Newtown
are characterised by:
tight sites
layered services
heritage structures
mixed-use refurbishments
minimal tolerance for rework
Graduate engineers working on these projects quickly learn that:
traditional site measurement is slow and disruptive
access is limited and time-boxed
errors are expensive and highly visible
Scanning allows:
rapid capture without extended site shutdowns
remote review and collaboration
fewer repeat site visits
better coordination between disciplines
Once graduates experience this efficiency, they naturally push for scanning on future projects.
How scanning supports better engineering decisions
LiDAR scanning doesnโt replace engineering judgement โ it supports it.
Hamilton By Design frames scanning as a core part of engineering projects, not a bolt-on service. That distinction matters, especially for younger engineers still developing confidence.
Point clouds make design reviews clearer. Instead of explaining issues abstractly, graduates can show the problem in 3D context โ especially helpful when working with senior engineers, fabricators, or clients.
Safer decisions
Designing from verified geometry reduces the risk of unsafe site improvisation. Graduates learn early that safety is tied directly to design certainty.
The โdigital safety netโ for early-career engineers
For many graduates, LiDAR scanning acts as a digital safety net.
Early in a career, the fear of โmissing something obviousโ is real. Scanning provides reassurance:
Have I considered the surrounding structure?
Did I allow enough clearance?
Is this installable?
Instead of relying solely on experience they havenโt yet built, graduates can lean on measured reality.
Over time, this accelerates professional growth:
better spatial awareness
improved constructability thinking
stronger questioning of legacy documentation
Ironically, the more graduates use scanning, the faster they develop the intuition to know when itโs needed โ and when itโs not.
Greater Sydney: scanning as a standard workflow
Across Greater Sydney, LiDAR scanning is increasingly becoming standard practice for:
building refurbishments
industrial upgrades
mechanical plant modifications
structural alterations
asset verification and compliance work
In western Sydney industrial areas, scanning supports large-scale plant and warehouse projects. In the north and east, it supports constrained commercial and infrastructure upgrades. In the inner suburbs, it often makes projects feasible at all.
Graduate engineers exposed to this environment quickly learn:
projects that scan early run smoother
fewer RFIs come back from site
fabrication issues drop dramatically
install teams trust the drawings more
Once theyโve seen this pattern a few times, scanning stops being a โspecial requestโ and becomes the default question:
โCan we scan this first?โ
Why engineers struggle to go back once theyโve scanned
After working with LiDAR scanning, graduates often struggle with projects that donโt include it.
They notice:
more uncertainty
more site clarification calls
more โweโll fix it on siteโ language
more reliance on assumptions
This is why scanning feels addictive โ not because itโs flashy technology, but because it reduces friction at every stage of an engineering project.
For young engineers trying to build credibility, that reduction in friction is powerful. It allows them to:
deliver cleaner designs
ask better questions
contribute meaningfully earlier in their careers
Digital quality assurance becomes a mindset
Perhaps the biggest shift LiDAR scanning creates is cultural.
Graduate engineers exposed to scanning early start to think in terms of digital quality assurance:
verify before design
check before fabrication
confirm before installation
This mindset aligns closely with modern engineering governance, risk management, and professional accountability.
Hamilton By Designโs emphasis on scanning as digital quality assurance reflects this evolution โ scanning isnโt about technology for its own sake, itโs about engineering confidence.
Final thoughts: once you see clearly, you donโt want to design blind again
For graduate engineers, LiDAR scanning often marks a turning point.
Itโs the moment they realise engineering doesnโt have to rely on best guesses, inherited drawings, or incomplete information. Itโs the moment they understand that good engineering starts with seeing clearly.
In Greater Sydney, especially across dense inner suburbs, that clarity isnโt optional โ itโs essential.
Once graduate engineers experience what itโs like to design from reality, not assumption, LiDAR scanning stops being a tool and becomes part of how they think. And thatโs why, once theyโve scanned properly, most engineers never want to design without it again.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.